January–March
- January 6 – Tsar Alexander I of Russia signs an order for the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Russian Empire.
- January 7 – Sir Humphry Davy tests the Davy lamp for miners at Hebburn Colliery.
- January 17 – Fire nearly destroys the city of St. John's, Newfoundland.
- February 8 – Estonia emancipates its peasants from serfdom.
- February 10 – Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, dies and is succeeded by Friedrich Wilhelm, his son and founder of the House of Glücksburg.
- February 20 – Gioachino Rossini's opera buffa The Barber of Seville premières at the Teatro Argentina in Rome.
April–June
- April 10 – The Second Bank of the United States obtains its charter.
- April 11 – In Philadelphia, the African Methodist Episcopal Church is established by Richard Allen and other African-American Methodists, the first such denomination completely independent of White churches.
- May 2 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later King of the Belgians) marries Charlotte Augusta, but she dies the next year.
- June 19 – Battle of Seven Oaks: The Hudson's Bay Company is defeated by the North West Company, near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
July–September
- July – Lord Byron, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Polidori, gathered at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva in a rainy Switzerland, tell each other tales. This gives rise to two classic Gothic narratives,Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Polidori's The Vampyre.
- July 9 – Argentina declares independence from Spain.
- July 17 – The French passenger ship Medusa runs aground off the coast of Senegal, with 140 lives lost in the botched rescue that takes weeks, leading to a scandal in the French government.
- August 14 – The United Kingdom formally annexes the Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the southern Atlantic Ocean, ruling it from the Cape Colony.
- August 24 – The Treaty of St. Louis is signed in St. Louis, Missouri.
- August 27 – Bombardment of Algiers: Various European Allies ships force the Dey of Algiers to free Christian slaves.
October–December
- October 21 – Penang Free School was founded by Rev. Sparke Hutchings on the island of Penang, Malaysia.
- November 6 – James Monroe defeats Rufus King in the U.S. presidential election.
- December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state.
- December 12 – Merger of the thrones of Sicily and Naples into the throne of the Two Sicilies under Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.
- December 21 – American Colonization Society established.
Date unknown
- Banjul, capital of the Gambia, is founded as a trading post, and named Bathurst.
- René Laennec invents the stethoscope.
- E. Remington and Sons (the famous firearm and later typewriter manufacturing company) is founded.
- Robert Stirling patents his Stirling engine, then known as Stirling's air engine.
- A rail capable of supporting a heavy locomotive is developed.
Births
January–June
- January 30 – Nathaniel P. Banks, American politician and general (d. 1894)
- March 14 – William Marsh Rice, American university founder (d. 1900)
- March 29 – Tsultrim Gyatso, 10th Dalai Lama (d. 1837)
- April 21 – Charlotte Brontë, British novelist (d. 1855)
- April 22 – Charles Denis Bourbaki, French general (d. 1897)
- April 25 – Eliza Daniel Stewart, American temperance movement leader (d. 1908)
- May 24 – Emanuel Leutze, American painter (d. 1868)
- June 19 – William Henry Webb, American industrialist and philanthropist (d. 1899)
- June 30 – Richard Lindon, Inventor of the Rugby Ball (d. 1887)
July–December
- July 4 – Arthur de Gobineau, French diplomat and author (d. 1882)
- July 23 – Charlotte Cushman, American stage actress (d. 1876)
- July 31 – George Henry Thomas, American general (d. 1870)
- August 4 – William Julian Albert, U.S. Congressman (d. 1879)
- August 16 – Charles John Vaughan, English scholar (d. 1897)
- November 3 – Jubal Early, Confederate general (d. 1894)
- November 17 – August Wilhelm Ambros, Austrian composer (d. 1876)
- December 13 – Werner von Siemens, German inventor and industrialist (d. 1892)
Date unknown
- Félix Charles Douay, French General (d. 1879)
- Francis Dutton, Premier of South Australia (d. 1877)
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